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鉛酸蓄電池的構成和工作原理

鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)由正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)、負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)、隔(ge)板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)、塑料槽(cao)等組成(cheng)。鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質為(wei)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(PbO2)，負極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質是鉛(qian)(Pb)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)是稀硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)，正(zheng)(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間由隔(ge)板(ban)隔(ge)開(kai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中(zhong)的離(li)子可(ke)以通(tong)(tong)過(guo)隔(ge)板(ban)中(zhong)的微孔，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子不能通(tong)(tong)過(guo)隔(ge)板(ban)。鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(PbO2)轉化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(PbSO4)附著在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上，負極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質鉛(qian)(Pb)也轉化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(PbSO4)附著在(zai)負極(ji)(ji)上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)中(zhong)的硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)擴(kuo)散到極(ji)(ji)板(ban)中(zhong)去，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)的濃度(du)降低。 鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，發生(sheng)相(xiang)反的反應(ying)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)反應(ying)，鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)以反復(fu)使用，直(zhi)到儲存的容(rong)量(liang)達不到電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的要(yao)求時，壽命(ming)終止。

全球鉛酸蓄電池市場規模分析

近(jin)十年(nian)(nian)來，隨著世界能源經(jing)濟的(de)發展和人民生活水(shui)平的(de)日益提高，鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)應用領域在不斷(duan)地(di)擴展，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)需(xu)求量(liang)也大(da)幅度的(de)升長，在二次電(dian)源中，鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)已占有(you)85%以(yi)上(shang)的(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)份(fen)額(e)。據數據顯示，2011年(nian)(nian)全(quan)球鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)僅僅為372.1億(yi)(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，到(dao)2016年(nian)(nian)，全(quan)球鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)437.5億(yi)(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，2017年(nian)(nian)達到(dao)了442.3億(yi)(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，預計(ji)2018年(nian)(nian)全(quan)球鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)將(jiang)達445.2億(yi)(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。未來五年(nian)(nian)行業(ye)將(jiang)保持平穩(wen)緩慢增(zeng)長，預計(ji)2020全(quan)球鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)將(jiang)達到(dao)459.8億(yi)(yi)美(mei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

2011-2020年(nian)全球鉛酸蓄(xu)電池市場規(gui)模(mo)統計情況及(ji)預測

數據來源：前瞻產業研究院(yuan)整理

全球鉛酸蓄電池生(sheng)產區域結構情況(kuang)

數據來源：前瞻產業研究院整理(li)

鉛酸蓄電池細分市場需求概況

鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為最古(gu)老的化學電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，經久不衰，被廣泛用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信通(tong)訊、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統、計(ji)算機系統及(ji)自動化控(kong)制系統、應急照明等備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)領(ling)域(yu)，新能源和領(ling)域(yu)，汽(qi)車(che)(che)、船舶、摩托車(che)(che)、坦克、拖拉機、柴油機等起動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)領(ling)域(yu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)(che)、、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動三輪車(che)(che)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動叉車(che)(che)及(ji)高爾夫(fu)球車(che)(che)等動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)領(ling)域(yu)。

我國鉛酸蓄電池供求狀況

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)是全(quan)球最大的鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產國(guo)(guo)、消費國(guo)(guo)和出(chu)口(kou)大國(guo)(guo)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)行業主(zhu)要(yao)實行以(yi)銷定產，鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產數(shu)量(liang)(liang)減去(qu)出(chu)口(kou)的數(shu)量(liang)(liang)大致為(wei)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)消費數(shu)量(liang)(liang)。2016年(nian)中國(guo)(guo)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產量(liang)(liang)為(wei)22353萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)伏安(an)時(shi)(shi)，國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)需(xu)求量(liang)(liang)為(wei)20168萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)伏安(an)時(shi)(shi)，從2005年(nian)至2016年(nian)，國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)企(qi)業鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產量(liang)(liang)呈波(bo)動式(shi)增長，年(nian)均復合增長率達(da)10.17%。預(yu)計到2018年(nian)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)23598萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)伏安(an)時(shi)(shi)，國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)需(xu)求量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)22015萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)伏安(an)時(shi)(shi)。 在“十三五(wu)”期間鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產量(liang)(liang)預(yu)計復合增長率為(wei)10.76%，預(yu)計到2022年(nian)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)27359萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)伏安(an)時(shi)(shi)，國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)(nei)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)需(xu)求量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)25879萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)伏安(an)時(shi)(shi)。

2016-2022年中(zhong)國鉛酸電(dian)池供求統計(ji)情況(kuang)及預測

數據來源(yuan)：前瞻產業研究院整理(li)

上游高端蓄電池生產商議價能力較強

鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)上游(you)包括鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)、硫酸、塑料等(deng)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行(xing)(xing)業對(dui)原材料的(de)需求(qiu)量大，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)硫酸行(xing)(xing)業整(zheng)體呈現產能(neng)過剩(sheng)，且電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制造是鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)重要(yao)下游(you)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)領域，從而鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行(xing)(xing)業對(dui)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)硫酸具(ju)有較(jiao)(jiao)強的(de)議價(jia)能(neng)力(li)。 而塑料處于(yu)供不應(ying)(ying)求(qiu)狀(zhuang)態， 電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)行(xing)(xing)業對(dui)塑料的(de)特性有較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，從而對(dui)塑料行(xing)(xing)業議價(jia)能(neng)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)低。 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)上游(you)主要(yao)是原材料等(deng)行(xing)(xing)業，受價(jia)格波動影響較(jiao)(jiao)大。

2015-2018年(nian)1月鉛酸蓄電池(chi)原材料——鉛漲價趨勢明顯(xian)

數據來源(yuan)：前瞻(zhan)產業研究院、公開資料(liao)整理

下游需求拉動產業升級，鉛酸蓄電池行業壁壘顯現，高端電池議價能力強

我(wo)國鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池行業近年(nian)來隨著下游(you)需求的(de)(de)(de)拉動(dong)，盈利狀況良(liang)好，利潤率保持較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)水平，這對潛在進(jin)入(ru)者(zhe)具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)吸引(yin)力(li)。與此同(tong)時，國家專門出臺一系列規(gui)范化行業的(de)(de)(de)相關政策，提高(gao)(gao)了(le)行業的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入(ru)門檻， 行業壁壘(lei)顯現。 下游(you)行業主要是汽車、電(dian)動(dong)車、通信、新能源等，當前鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池行業的(de)(de)(de)議價能力(li)整(zheng)體較(jiao)(jiao)低，但(dan)高(gao)(gao)端鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)企業議價能力(li)相對較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)。

鉛酸蓄電池細分市場競爭激烈，規模優勢是關鍵

國內(nei)鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池市場較為(wei)集(ji)中， 化學動力(li)的(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)池生產行(xing)業競爭較為(wei)激烈，產品價(jia)格的(de)(de)比拼及成本的(de)(de)增加使(shi)行(xing)業內(nei)主(zhu)要廠商的(de)(de)凈(jing)利潤率(lv)均大大降(jiang)低。隨(sui)著居民對(dui)(dui)電(dian)池性能要求(qiu)不(bu)斷上升、國家對(dui)(dui)于環保的(de)(de)日(ri)益重視以及行(xing)業進(jin)入門檻(jian)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷抬高(gao)，行(xing)業內(nei)具有規(gui)模優(you)勢的(de)(de)企業將(jiang)(jiang)獲(huo)得更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)發展機會，并可通過(guo)擴產以及并購(gou)方(fang)式進(jin)一步擴大規(gui)模，行(xing)業集(ji)中度將(jiang)(jiang)得到提(ti)高(gao)。