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儲能被達沃斯經濟論壇評為未來可能改變世界的十大新技術之一，儲能電池是儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術研發(fa)(fa)和應用(yong)最活躍的領域。目前儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池技術發(fa)(fa)展很快，一(yi)旦取得(de)突破，將對新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展、電(dian)網運行控制、終端用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方式等產生(sheng)重大(da)影響。未來(lai)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)池技術將在新一(yi)代電(dian)力系統中實現廣泛應用(yong)。

新型儲能電池技術成為當前研發的熱點和技術前沿

現有商用電(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)包括鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳氫/鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鈉硫/鎳電(dian)池(chi)(chi)等，這(zhe)些電(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術(shu)成熟，已廣(guang)泛應用在電(dian)動汽車、手機(ji)、筆記(ji)本電(dian)腦、風電(dian)場(chang)儲(chu)能(neng)系統、電(dian)網調頻、分布(bu)式電(dian)源和微網等領域。

目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，處于商用和(he)示范(fan)應用、實驗室研(yan)發或概(gai)念(nian)設計階(jie)(jie)段的新(xin)型儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)超(chao)過30種。其中，已(yi)示范(fan)應用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)包(bao)括(kuo)三(san)元材料(liao)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、全(quan)釩/鋅溴液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鉛碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等;處于實驗室研(yan)發階(jie)(jie)段的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)包(bao)括(kuo)石墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)/鋰(li)(li)硫/鋰(li)(li)空(kong)等新(xin)一代鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、半固(gu)態(tai)/無薄膜等新(xin)一代液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋁/鋅等金屬空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鈉/鎂離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、液(ye)(ye)態(tai)金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等;石墨(mo)(mo)烯(xi)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、雙碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、納米微電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、有機電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)等處于概(gai)念(nian)設計階(jie)(jie)段。這些(xie)新(xin)型儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技術(shu)已(yi)經成(cheng)為當前(qian)(qian)研(yan)發的熱點和(he)技術(shu)前(qian)(qian)沿，未來有望大幅提升儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的性能(neng)，推動儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大規模(mo)應用。

半固態液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)結合了鋰離子(zi)和液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)優點，將在提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)和功(gong)率密(mi)(mi)度(du)、縮小體積、降(jiang)低成(cheng)(cheng)本方面(mian)實(shi)現(xian)質(zhi)的(de)飛躍。目前(qian)美(mei)國麻省(sheng)理工大學已研(yan)發(fa)出(chu)半固態液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)達(da)到250瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時/千(qian)克(ke)(ke)，比(bi)(bi)目前(qian)的(de)液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)高10倍以(yi)上，成(cheng)(cheng)本僅100至(zhi)250美(mei)元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時，比(bi)(bi)目前(qian)降(jiang)低70%以(yi)上。石墨烯鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)高導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性、質(zhi)量(liang)超(chao)輕的(de)石墨烯為材(cai)料(liao)，利用鋰離子(zi)可(ke)在石墨烯表面(mian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極之間快(kuai)速穿梭運動的(de)特性，將充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間縮短(duan)至(zhi)分(fen)鐘級。西班牙Graphenano公司(si)和科(ke)爾瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)多大學共(gong)同研(yan)發(fa)出(chu)全球首例(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車石墨烯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間只需8分(fen)鐘，續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里(li)程達(da)到1000公里(li)。鋰硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)理論(lun)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)可(ke)達(da)2600瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時/千(qian)克(ke)(ke)，是傳統鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)8至(zhi)10倍。美(mei)國Polyplus公司(si)、德(de)國弗朗霍夫材(cai)料(liao)與光束研(yan)究(jiu)所研(yan)發(fa)的(de)鋰硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)已達(da)到420瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時/千(qian)克(ke)(ke)、600瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時/千(qian)克(ke)(ke)。鋁(lv)空氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)以(yi)空氣(qi)為正極、鋁(lv)為負極，通過鋁(lv)與氧(yang)氣(qi)發(fa)生化(hua)學反(fan)應釋放出(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)在理論(lun)上可(ke)達(da)8100瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時/千(qian)克(ke)(ke)，居各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)之首。以(yi)色列Phinergy公司(si)已研(yan)發(fa)出(chu)專供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車使用的(de)鋁(lv)空氣(qi)試驗(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)超(chao)過800瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時/千(qian)克(ke)(ke)，續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里(li)程達(da)到1600公里(li)。

鋰離子和液流電池有望成為未來儲能電池的主流技術

鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池是當前最受關注的(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)技(ji)術(shu)，據美國能(neng)源(yuan)部統(tong)(tong)計(ji)，至(zhi)2016年(nian)年(nian)底，美國、日(ri)本(ben)(ben)、歐盟和中(zhong)國儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)裝機占(zhan)(zhan)全球(qiu)總(zong)裝機的(de)(de)94%，其(qi)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)示(shi)范數(shu)(shu)(shu)量近百項(xiang)，項(xiang)目數(shu)(shu)(shu)占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)為53%。在電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)示(shi)范項(xiang)目數(shu)(shu)(shu)中(zhong)，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池所占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)重最高(gao)，達到48%，在電(dian)(dian)池儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)中(zhong)位列最高(gao)。未(wei)來，新一代鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池技(ji)術(shu)將(jiang)對電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)安全性、能(neng)量密度(du)、充電(dian)(dian)時間等指標帶來根本(ben)(ben)性的(de)(de)改變，在電(dian)(dian)網調峰調頻、電(dian)(dian)動汽車、商用(yong)/家用(yong)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)等領域具有廣闊的(de)(de)應用(yong)前景。

液流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有(you)容量大、成(cheng)(cheng)本低(di)的(de)優(you)勢(shi)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)建成(cheng)(cheng)10萬千瓦(wa)級以上(shang)、經濟(ji)可靠的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，為提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調度控制靈活(huo)性、大規模發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源提供重要支撐(cheng)。在(zai)大型能(neng)源基(ji)地(di)、中(zhong)樞變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、負荷中(zhong)心、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)末端等地(di)區建設投(tou)運儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)提供調峰、調頻(pin)、調壓等多種輔助服務(wu)，在(zai)保持發(fa)(fa)(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平衡、緩解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)局(ju)部阻塞、應對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)緊急事故等方(fang)面發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮重要作用。在(zai)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)地(di)配(pei)置大容量液流(liu)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)有(you)效平抑新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)波動，靈活(huo)跟蹤(zong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計劃(hua)曲線，促進新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)為主力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

綜合國際可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)署、國際能(neng)源(yuan)署等(deng)機構的判(pan)斷，2030年左右鋰離子和(he)液流電池將突破技(ji)術(shu)瓶頸，電池整體性能(neng)得(de)到全(quan)面(mian)提(ti)升，成為最具大規模商用前景的主(zhu)流電池技(ji)術(shu)，占全(quan)球(qiu)儲(chu)能(neng)電池容(rong)量的比例將超(chao)過(guo)50%，極大推動(dong)儲(chu)能(neng)電池技(ji)術(shu)的發展和(he)應用。

多種儲能電池技術創新發展將在新一代電力系統中發揮重要作用

隨著未來多(duo)種(zhong)電(dian)池儲能(neng)技術發展和廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)，儲能(neng)電(dian)池將應(ying)用(yong)到電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)“發、輸、配、用(yong)、調”的各個環節，有(you)可能(neng)改變(bian)現有(you)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)生產、運(yun)輸和使用(yong)方式，助力(li)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)向“廣泛(fan)互聯、智能(neng)互動、靈(ling)活柔性(xing)、安(an)全可控”的新一代電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)轉型(xing)。

在(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、液流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)支撐新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術，推動新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)一代(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)主力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。截至2017年年底(di)，我國風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并網(wang)(wang)容(rong)量合(he)計(ji)達(da)到2.93億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，占(zhan)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)達(da)到17%。未來我國新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)還將(jiang)加(jia)快大(da)規(gui)(gui)模發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。根據國家非化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)目(mu)標、碳減排目(mu)標，考慮在(zai)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)放緩情景下(xia)，2030年年底(di)全(quan)國風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量至少要(yao)達(da)到8.8億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)，是2016年年底(di)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)3.5倍左右(you)，占(zhan)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)達(da)到30%左右(you)。未來，高比(bi)(bi)例新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)接入將(jiang)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)我國新(xin)(xin)(xin)一代(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)特征，如(ru)何駕(jia)馭(yu)大(da)規(gui)(gui)模新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并網(wang)(wang)運行需要(yao)大(da)幅提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統靈(ling)活性。鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、液流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池將(jiang)在(zai)短時大(da)功(gong)率(lv)輸出(chu)(chu)、響應速度快等(deng)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)方面(mian)實現(xian)進一步突破，有效平(ping)抑大(da)規(gui)(gui)模新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)(chu)力(li)波動，靈(ling)活跟蹤(zong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)劃出(chu)(chu)力(li)曲(qu)線，實現(xian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠可(ke)觀、可(ke)測、可(ke)控(kong)。

在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)側，液(ye)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為大容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)級(ji)儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)備受青睞(lai)，可為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)提(ti)供多種輔(fu)助服(fu)務，增強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調度控制的靈活性和安全(quan)性。液(ye)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具有(you)循環(huan)壽命長(chang)、容(rong)量大、響(xiang)應(ying)速度快、安全(quan)性高的技術優勢，未(wei)來有(you)望代(dai)替目(mu)前已投運的鋰離(li)子儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，發(fa)展成為10萬千瓦及以上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)級(ji)儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，提(ti)供調峰、調頻、調壓等多種輔(fu)助服(fu)務，在(zai)(zai)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不平衡調劑、應(ying)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)緊(jin)急事故中(zhong)發(fa)揮作(zuo)用。同(tong)時，在(zai)(zai)大型能(neng)(neng)源基(ji)地周(zhou)邊、中(zhong)樞變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、負荷中(zhong)心、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)末端等地區建設(she)大容(rong)量液(ye)流(liu)儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，能(neng)(neng)夠充分發(fa)揮不同(tong)地域(yu)儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)(zai)緩解局部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)阻塞、促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力平衡中(zhong)的重(zhong)要作(zuo)用。

在用(yong)戶側，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池將成(cheng)為推動(dong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)小型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統發(fa)展的(de)(de)主(zhu)流(liu)技(ji)術(shu)，新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)作為鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)補充(chong)配合(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。未來(lai)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池技(ji)術(shu)進一步突破，能(neng)(neng)量密度(du)將接近600瓦時/千克，續航(hang)能(neng)(neng)力超過(guo)500公(gong)里，比(bi)目(mu)前提(ti)高一倍(bei)左(zuo)右;充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間將縮短至30分(fen)(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)以(yi)內，使用(yong)壽命達到15年，滿(man)足小型(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)儲能(neng)(neng)、移動(dong)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)要求。新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)配合(he)(he)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池共同在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車、家用(yong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)儲能(neng)(neng)等領域實(shi)現(xian)融合(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。未來(lai)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)儲應(ying)(ying)用(yong)潛力較大，部分(fen)(fen)(fen)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求小、對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網依賴性不強的(de)(de)用(yong)戶，出于經(jing)(jing)濟利益考(kao)慮，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)選(xuan)(xuan)擇分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)儲系(xi)統獨(du)立供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，美國夏威夷已經(jing)(jing)出現(xian)了用(yong)戶選(xuan)(xuan)擇“分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)儲+電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網”供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)。